Demystifying RTO Queries - Emission Norms
Anil Chhikara, MLO (Projects), Transport Department,
Government of Delhi
Question: What are the emission norms?
Answer: Emission norms are the limits prescribed
under Rule 115 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989 for
various types of emissions coming out of the vehicles, with
a view to controlling environment pollution. The emission
norms have been tightened from time to time to address the
environment concerns and health hazards arising from vehicular
pollution. Implementation of various stages of emission
norms have been advanced in the case of Delhi and other
cities having high density of vehicle population.
Question: What are Bharat Stage III Emission Norms
and how do they differ from Bharat Stage II (E2)?
Answer: Bharat Stage III norms are the
new set of tighter emission standards that 4-wheeled vehicles
(passenger cars, MUVs, buses and trucks) getting registered
in 11 select cities, namely, NCR, Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad & Secunderabad, Kanpur,
Pune, Agra & Surat, will have to conform to with effect
from 1st April 2005 . Vehicles sold in all other cities
and towns from the same date will have to comply with Bharat
Stage II emission standards. In Bharat Stage III Emission
Standards, the emission limits are reduced considerably
in comparison to Bharat Stage II norms for HC &.NOx. In
addition to the tighter emission limits, the test procedure
has also become severe. Hence, Bharat Stage III norms are
much more stringent in terms of emissions.
Question: How do the Bharat Stage III norms differ
from Euro III norms?
Answer: In India, the Emission Norms notified
from time to time for compliance have been named as Bharat
Stage I, II & III. The difference in the Bharat Stage III
and Euro III norms is that the maximum speed at which the
vehicle is tested on the chassis dynamometer for compliance
with BS III emission norms is limited to 90 kmph, in keeping
with the Indian conditions, whereas it is 120 kmph for Euro
III. The emission limits of Bharat Stage III and Euro III
are almost the same.
Question: Can Bharat Stage III compliant vehicles
be registered in the cites other than 11 cities mentioned
above? What about Bharat Stage II vehicles (Euro2) in these
11 cities?
Answer: Other cities, Yes. But, it is not
mandatory. The mandatory requirement is that only Bharat
Stage II compliant vehicles will have to be registered at
places other than 11 specified cities, w.e.f. 1st April
2005. BS II compliant vehicles can also be registered in
these 11 cities after 31st March, 2005 if produced before
1st April 2005, going strictly by the letter of law.
Question: Will the cars like Santro, Zen, etc. meeting'
BS II norms continue to be available?
Answer: Yes, most of the vehicles will
be available in both Bharat Stage II and Bharat Stage III.
However, the vehicles already registered and meeting the
prescribed PUC norms will continue to operate. Availability
of fuels of the specifications corresponding to Bharat Stage
III Emission Standards w.e.f. 1st April 2005 is a critical
issue. Oil companies will have to gear to supply the fuel
of requisite quality. Vehicle Emission Norms and the Fuel
Quality go hand-in-hand.
Question: What are the added technological inputs
to make the vehicles Bharat Stage III compliant?
Answer: Major technological changes made
in the vehicles to make them compliant with Bharat III Stage
are, broadly, as under:-
Petrol vehicles
| a) |
Changes
in the exhaust systems. Addition of a Maniverter
(Catalyser which is close to the engine exhaust
- a combination of exhaust Manifold and Catalyser). |
| b) |
Upgradation
of parts like O2 sensor, Purge valve, Canister. |
| c) |
Upgradation
of parts/components for sealing and coating to reduce
evaporative emissions. |
| d) |
Changes
in the ECU (micro processor) for the vehicles with
MPFI system. |
| e) |
Addition
of EGR (Exhaust Gas Recycling) in some vehicles.
|
Diesel Engines
| a) |
Addition
of oxidation compartment before particulate trap
(De-NOx ). |
| b) |
Reduction
of NOx , HC and CO, PM with exhaust gas after-treatment
technologies - Burning of soot in additional oxidation
chamber, NOx absorber, Continuous Regeneration Trap
(CRT), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system,
Urea salutation mixing (Additive treatment) to reduce
NH3 emission, etc. |
| c) |
Cooled
EGR (Exhaust Gas Recycling) to reduce combustion
temperature and NOx. |
| d) |
Higher
diesel injection pressure through improved technologies,
like, Common Rail Fuel Injection, Unit Injector
System, Unit Pump Injection, etc. for fine and time-controlled
spray.
These advanced technologies are presently available
internationally to meet Euro IV/V norms. However,
all these technology options may not be used in
Indian vehicles for meeting BS III norms. |
Question: How does upgradation of computer chip
from 8 to16 bits then to 32/64 bits (ECU) enhance the Engine
performance to make it meet the tighter emission norms?
Answer: The increased number of bits enhances
the sensing capacity. The higher capacity of microprocessor
ensures complete combustion and precise calibrated fuel
spray.
Question: What are the values of Bharat Stage III
norms? Would these be production norms or registration norms?
Answer: These are type approval and production
norms for vehicles, according to which testing agencies
like ARAI ¬Pune, VRDE - Ahmednagar, etc. conduct Mass Emission
tests on dynamometers on vehicles or engines separately.
Emission Standards notified from time to time:
Indian
Emission Norms for Petrol Driven Passenger Cars |
| Pollutant |
All
India |
11
Cities
BS - III |
|
BS
- I |
BS
- II |
1991 |
1996 |
1998 |
2000 |
2005 |
2005 |
| CO
g/km |
14.3
- 27.1 |
8.68
- 12.4 |
4.34
- 6.20 |
2.72 |
2.2 |
2.30 |
| HC
g/km |
2.0
- 2.9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0.20 |
| NO
x g/km |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0.15 |
| HC+NOx
g/km |
- |
3.0
- 4.36 |
1.5
- 2.18 |
0.97 |
0.50 |
- |
Euro
Norms for Petrol Pssenger Cars |
| |
1991-1992 |
1996 |
2000 |
2005 |
| Pollutant |
EURO-I |
EURO-II |
EURO-III |
EURO-IV |
| CO
g/kwh |
2.72 |
2.2 |
2.30 |
1.0 |
| HC
g/kwh |
- |
- |
0.20 |
1.0 |
| NOx
g/kwh |
- |
- |
0.15 |
0.08 |
| HC+NOx
g/kwh |
0.97 |
0.50 |
- |
0.08 |
| Indian
Norms for Diesel Driven Passenger Cars |
| Pollutant |
1991-92 |
1996 |
BS
- I
2000 |
BS
- II
2005 |
BS
- III
2005 (11 cities) |
| CO
g/km |
14.0
g/kwh |
5.0
- 9.0 |
2.72
- 6.90 |
1.00 |
0.64 |
| HC
g/km |
3.5
g/kwh |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| NOx
g/km |
18
g/kwh |
- |
- |
- |
0.50 |
| HC+NOx
g/km |
- |
2.0
- 4.0 |
0.97
- 1.70 |
0.70 |
0.56 |
| PM
g/km |
- |
- |
0.14
- 0.25 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
| Indian
Norms for Diesel Vehicle > 3.5 tonnes (Trucks/Passenger
Vehicles |
| Pollutant |
1991-92 |
1996 |
BS
- I
2000 |
BS
- II
2005 |
BS
- III
2005 (11 cities) |
| CO
g/kwh |
14.0 |
11.2 |
4.5 |
4.0 |
2.1 |
| HC
g/kwh |
3.5 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.66 |
| NOx
g/kwh |
18 |
14.4 |
8.0 |
7.00 |
5.0 |
| PM>85
g/kwh |
- |
- |
0.36 |
0.15 |
0.1 |
| PM<85
g/kwh |
|
|
0.36 |
0.15 |
0.1 |
Indian
Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles<3.5 tonnes
(Trucks/Passenger Vehicles) |
| Pollutant |
All
India |
| 1991-92 |
1996 |
BS
- I
2000 |
BS
- II
2005 |
BS
- III
2005 (11 cities) |
| CO |
14.0
g/kwh |
11.2
g/kwh or
5.0 - 9.0 g/km |
4.5
g/kwh or
2.72 - 6.90 g/km |
1.0
- 1.5 g/km or
4.0 g/kwh |
0.64
- 0.95
g/km |
| HC |
3.5
g/kwh or
HC+NOx |
2.4
g/kwh or
HC+NOx |
1.1
g/kwh |
1.1
g/kwh |
- |
NOx
HC+NOx |
18
g/kwh |
14.4
g/kwh
or
2.0+4.0 g/km |
8.0
g/kwh
or
0.97 - 1.70 g/km |
7.0
g/kwh
or
0.7 - 1.2 g/km |
0.50
- 0.78 g/km
0.56 - 0.86 g/km |
| PM |
- |
- |
0.36
- 0.61 g/kwh or
0.14 - 0.25 g/km |
0.15
g/kwh or
0.08 - 0.17 g/km |
0.05
- 0.10
g/km |
Emission Norms implementation Schedule in India
| 1-6-1999
- BS-I |
Delhi
& NCR |
Motor
Cars |
| 1-4-2000
- BS-I |
All
India |
All
Vehicles |
| 1-4-2000
- BS-II |
Delhi
& NCR, Mumbai |
Motor
Cars |
| 24-10-2001
- BS-II |
Delhi |
Commercial
Vehicles |
| 2000-2004
- BS- II |
11
more Cities |
Motor
Cars |
| 1-4-2005
- BS-II |
(All
India other than 11 cities) |
All
Vehicles |
| 1-4-2005
- BS-II |
11
Cities* |
All
Vehicles except 2/3- Wheelers
(BS-II for 2/3 Wheelers) |
*Buses/Trucks having national permit will comply with
Bharat Stage II norms only.
Question: What are tail pipe emission (PUC) norms
at a glance for petrol & diesel vehicles?
Answer: With effect from October 2004,
the idling emission norms for in-use-vehicles have also
been modified and made more stringent. Not only have the
norms changed, but also the test equipment, test method
and procedure for testing. PUC centres need to be equipped
with four¬-gas analysers. These centres have to ensure that
these machines are properly calibrated and maintained. In
some cities, these have to be computerised. The new norms
that in-use vehicles have to meet are given in the table
below:
| S.
No |
Vehicle
Type |
CO% |
HC
ppm |
| 1 |
Two-wheelers
- (2/4S)
Manufactured on or before 31st March 2000 |
4.5 |
9,000 |
| 2 |
Two-wheelers
- (2S)
Manufactured after 31st March 2000 |
3.5 |
6,000 |
| 3 |
Two-wheelers
- (4S)
Manufactured after 31st March 2000 |
3.5 |
4,500 |
| 4 |
Bharat
Stage II compliant 4-wheelers |
0.5 |
750 |
| 5 |
4-wheelers
other than Bharat Stage II compliant |
3.0 |
1,500 |
Note: The views expressed by the author
in these Question-Answers are his own and do not represent
the views of Transport Department, Delhi.
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